Scope of Freight Forwarding Services
Originally, a freight forwarder (货运代理人) was a commission agent (委托代理人) performing on behalf of (代表…) the exporter/importer routine tasks such
as loading/unloading of goods, storage of goods, arranging local transport,
obtaining payment for his customer, etc…
However, the expansion of international trade and the development of
different modes of transport over the years that followed enlarged the scope of
his services. Today, a freight forwarder plays an important role in
international trade and transport. The services that a freight forwarder renders
may often range from routine and basic tasks such as the booking of space or
customs clearance (清关) to a comprehensive package of services covering the
total transportation and distribution process.
课文理解：
1. 核心句子：
… a freight forwarder was a commission agent performing on behalf of the
exporter/importer routine tasks …
这句句子很长,一段就是一句.不过,作者无非想表达这样一个意思:货运代理人是进出口商的委托代理人,提供这样或那样的服务. 句子显然含有一个定语从句, 其他的结构是帮助起修饰、说明作用的.
1.1 performing = doing (a piece of work)
1.2 on behalf of the exporter/importer = on exporter’s or importer’s behalf =
as representative of exporter/importer
1.3 routine tasks (日常工作,日常事务)
这里我们不能用 work 替代 task , 其原因是:
task: 可数名词, 一般是指较为困难、辛苦的工作, 正好和routine tasks后面
such as 的例子统一起来.
work: 不可数名词, 工作的意思则较为笼统、广泛.
句子中其他需要解释的地方还有:
1.4 originally = from the beginning
1.5 such as loading/unloading of goods … = such as loading/unloading of goods
for his customer. 下面三个结构如同本结构.
2. 核心句子： … A and B enlarged the scope of his service. 句子中:
A 是指 the expansion of international trade (国际贸易的扩大)
B 是指 the development of different modes of transport (不同运输模式的发展)
2.1 enlarge = make or become larger.
A and B make the scope of freight forwarding services larger
“ en- + adj. = v. ” 是 enlarge 这个词的结构, 由前缀"en-"和形容词"large"构成.
“ en- + adj. = v. ” 这样的例子还有: enable, enrich
句子中其他需要解释的地方还有:
2.2 over the years that followed (意译): 在以后的几年里面
3. 句子：
Today, a freight forwarder plays an important role in international trade and
transport. 在句子中:
3.1 today = at the present time, 课文里不解释今天.
3.2 play a role: 扮演角色, 可以引申为起着…的作用.
4. 核心句子： The services …may often range from … to…
好像很难理解, 我们先举一个简单的例子看看:
price ranging from USD5 to USD10 (从5美元到10美元的各种价格)
price ranging between USD5 and USD10 (5美元到10美元之间的各种价格)
range 的意思是”在…范围内变化”, 后面的搭配可以是from…to…, 也可以是
between…and… 于是, 我们发现:
例句中的USD5 = 课文中的routine and basic tasks … ,
例句中的USD10 = 课文中的a comprehensive package of services …
句子中其他解释的地方还有:
4.1 routine and basic tasks such as the booking of space or customs clearance
the booking of space (舱位的预订)
customs clearance (海关清结关)
4.2 a comprehensive package of services …
a package of (意译:一揽子) package有的时候具有比喻的意味和用法,课文中的
情况就是这样.
comprehensive (综合性的、广泛的、全面的、详尽的) ,看来这个短语应该翻译
成"综合性的一揽子服务方案"比较妥帖.
4.3 The services that a freight forwarder renders
render (及物动词) = offer, provide. 这是一句定语从句.说明提供这些订舱、
报关、全程运输、分拨等服务的来源
4.4 … covering the total …
cover = include, consist of, take into account
(包括, 涉及, 可以引申为"关于"解, 相当于 about )
4.5 the total transportation and distribution process
上面课文中有这样一个结构: …in international trade and transport, 那么
transport 和transportation 有何区别呢?
实际上是一样的,我们也可以说成…in international trade and transportation 或
the total transport and … 文章中这样安排的原因,我认为只是为了保持前后结构
统一(参见and前后的下划线).
如果硬要把它们加以区别, 其答案是: transportation 是美国人常用的词汇,
而 transport 则是英国人常用的词汇
5. 段落小结：
第一、第二两个自然段是本文的第一层意思:
我们注意到了这样一些副词：originally......however......today......通过这些副词的贯穿，我们了解了Unless the consignor(发货人), the person sending goods, or the consignee(收货人), the person receiving goods, wants to attend to any of the procedural and documentary formalities himself, it is usually the freight forwarder who undertakes on his behalf to process the movement of goods through the various stages involved. The freight forwarder may provide these services directly or through subcontractors or other agencies employed by him. He is also expected to utilize, in this connection, the services of his overseas agents. Briefly, these services are:
6.1 unless 一句我们可以先简化成:
Unless the consignor wants to attend to formalities himself, …
= If the consignor does not attend to formalities himself, …
6.1.1 只有当unless 解释成 “ 如果不 ” 的时候, 它才可以和 if not 互换句型.
因此, 我们不能随随便便地把 unless 翻译成 “除非” 或者 “如果不”
6.1.2 attend
(1) 及物动词. 解释 “出席, 参加” 例如: attend a meeting
(2) 不及物动词, 介词的固定搭配往往是 to. 解释 “注意, 专心, 专注”
例如: attend to one’s work
(3) 其名词形式. attention 例如: pay attention to
(4) 其形容词形式. attentive 介词的搭配还是 to
6.1.3 the procedural and documentary formalities
(1) the procedural formalities (程序上的手续)
procedural 形容词, “程序上的”
procedure 名词, “程序,步骤,过程”
(2) the documentary formalities (单证上的手续)
documentary 形容词, “单证上的”
documentary 一词在金融、贸易领域用得比较多,
例如: documentary draft (跟单汇票)
document 名词或动词, “单证, 为......提供单证”
(3) formality (正式的手续, 通常用名词的复数形式表示)
the customs formalities (海关手续)
go through due formalities (经过正式手续)
句子中其他需要解释的地方还有:
6.1.4 句末的himself 解释 “亲自”, 有强调主语或突出主语行为的作用.
我们可以这样理解: 如果发货人或收货人不想自己亲自去办理那些
繁杂手续的话…
6.2 it is ...... 一句我们可以先简化成:
... it is the freight forwarder who undertakes to process the movement
of goods...
6.2.1 it + be + 被强调成分 + that / who ...是强调结构
所谓强调结构就是句子当中要特别强调 "被强调成分", 这里特别强调
the freight forwarder, 字面翻译也往往加上 “正是,就是”
6.2.2 undertake to do sth. = agree to do sth. = promise sb sth.
6.2.3 process 这里,我们和这个 process 打交道不是头一回了:
(1) process 名词.
process = series of operations deliberately unertaken
例如: distribution process
(2) process 动词.
process = to prepare and examine in details
例如: process the movement of goods
我们注意到不管这个 process 解释"程序"也好, 还是解释"准备,处置"也罢,
在它的英文解释中都含有审慎的意思. 有的时候中文也有言不达意的地方.
句子中其他需要解释的地方还有:
... through the various stages involved.
6.2.4 the various stages = a different period / part in a course of action
6.2.5 involve 在做动词时有许多解释:
(1) 使...陷入,拖累
(2) 包围,笼罩
(3) 包括,包含,含有: 我以为第三个含义比较符合课文中的意思
7. 句子:
The freight forwarder may provide these services directly or through
subcontractors or other agencies employed by him. 在句子中:
7.1 我们知道 contract 是合同的意思, 其:
后缀 -or : 执行或做出...的人或物, contractor 是指订约人或承包人.
前缀 sub- : sub- 也有很多意思
有"under" 的意思, 我们最熟悉的
submarine (潜水艇)
subway(地铁)
有附属的、次要、分、支的意思, 如课文中的
subcontract 分包合同, 转包合同(把承包的工作一部分或全部转包
给第三者而签订的合同)
subcontractor 承约人,转包商,次承包者
subagent 副代理人
subcontinent 次大陆
subsonic 亚音速
subroutine 子程序
7.2 关于这个 through :
前句中: ... through the various stages involved.
这个 through = from the beginning to the end of
"自始至终"的意味浓烈 (尤指时间、过程)
本句中: ... through subcontractors or other agencies empolyed by him.
这个 through 是比较常见的用法,
through = by means of / by way of (指方法、手段)
through = as a result of, because of (指原因、理由)
8. 句子:
He is also expected to utilize, in this connection, the services of his
overseas agents. 在句子中:
8.1 utilize = make use of, find a use for 动词
其名词有两个: utility (实用,效用) utilization (利用)
其形容词: utilizable
9. 这些 his 到底指谁?
(1) it is usually the freight forwarder who undertakes on his behalf ......
his = consignor''''''''''''''''s or consignee''''''''''''''''s
(2) ... through subcontractor or other agencies employed by him.
him = a freight forwarder
(3) He is also expected to utilize,...
He = a freight forwarder
(4) ... in this connection, the services of his overseas agents.
his = a freight forwarder''''''''''''''''s
10. 句子: Briefly, these services are: 在句子中:
briefly = shortly, in a few words 是 "简略地说,简概地说" 的意思货运代理人的概念，并通过货运代理服务范围的演变，对其服务范围基本上有了一个大概的印象. The forwarders, on behalf of the consignor ( exporter ), would:
Choose the route, mode of transport and a suitable carrier.
Book space with the selected carrier.
Take delivery of the goods and issue relevant documents such as the Forwarders’
Certificate of Receipt (货运代理收货证书), the Forwarders’ Certificate of
Transport (货运代理运输证书), etc.
Study the provisions of the letter of credit (信用证) and all Government
regulations applicable to the shipment of goods in the country of export,
the country of import, as well as any transit country; he would also prepare
all the necessary documents.
Pack the goods, taking into account the route, the mode of transport, the
nature of the goods and applicable regulations, if any, in the country of
export, transit countries and country of destination.
Arrange warehousing of the goods, if necessary.
Weigh and measure the goods.
Draw the consignor’s attention to the need for insurance and arrange for the
insurance of goods, if required by the consignor.
Transport the goods to the port, arrange for customs clearance, related
documentation formalities and deliver the goods to the carrier.
Attend to foreign exchange transactions (外汇交易), if any.
Pay fees and other charges including freight.
Obtain the signed bills of lading (提单) from the carrier and
arrange delivery to the consignor.
Arrange for transshipment (转载,转运) en route if necessary.
Monitor the movement of goods all the way to the consignee through contacts
with the carrier and the forwarders’ agents abroad.
Note damages or losses, if any, to the goods.
Assist the consignor in pursuing claims, if any, against the carrier for loss of
the goods or for damage to them.
11. 句子:
Choose the route, mode of transport and a suitable carrier. 句子中的:
carrier(承运人) 来自动词 carry(运送,携带). 它的名词是 carriage(运输,运输费).
关于这个 carriage 还可以解释运输费的情况, 还想再言几句:
carriage 运输费:
例如: carriage paid to ... (CPT, 运费付至…)
carriage and Insurance Paid To ... (CIP, 运费、保险费付至…)
carriage free (运费免付)
carriage paid (运费已付)
carriage forward (运费到付)
freight 运输费(租用船只或飞机的费用, 尤其指水路运费:
例如: freight prepaid (运费已付)
freight collect (运费到付)
12. 句子:
Take delivery of the goods and issue relevant documents such as the
Forwarders’ Certificate of Receipt, the Forwarders’ Certificate of Transport,
etc.句中:
12.1 比较说明下列句词:
(1) take delivery of the goods and ... (即上句)
(2) ... and deliver the goods to the carrier. (课本第 2 页第 8 行)
deliver (及物动词 vt.):
原意是"递送, 交付(信件、包裹、货物等)至收件处、收件人或购货人等".
上句(2)的意思当然就解释为"货交承运人"了.我们也就不难理解贸易术语
中的D组术语:
delivered duty unpaid (DDU, 未完税交货)
delivered duty paid (DDP, 完税后交货) 的意思了
delivery (名词 n.)
例如: delivery note (交货单)
delivery receipt (送货单)
delivery order (提货单, 它的缩写是 D/O)
take delivery of = receive (词组 phr. 解释"收到,接收")
值得注意的是: deliver(y) 和 take delivery of 意思正好向左.
我们再来关注下面的句子，看看这些字词在应用上是否有点启发？
这些句子都是课文和练习当中的喔, 没有想到吧,好好找找吧.还有
多多关注介词搭配:
(1) Obtain the bill of lading and arrange delivery to the consignor.
(2) Transport the goods to the port, arrange for customs clearance,
deliver the goods to the carrier
(3) The freight forwarder may take delivery of the goods from the
carrier.
12.2 比较说明下列句词:
(1) take delivery of the goods and and issue relevant documents such
as ... (即上句)
(2) ... related documentation formalities and ... (课本第 2 页第 7 行)
句子中的: relevant = related = connected (意译:相关的).作者为避免重复,所以
选择不同的形容词表述.
12.3 issue:
issue = to bring out (esp. sth printed and/or offical) for
the notice of the public.
原意是"发行、发布、发表",从英文字面的解释中还可以看出,发行的是
"已印制好了的,官方的"文件.这里,我们往往将它意译成"签发"
13. 句子:
Study the provisions of the letter of credit (信用证) and all Government
regulations applicable to the shipment of goods in the country of export,
the country of import, as well as any transit country; he would also prepare
all the necessary documents.句中:
13.1 study:
study 在这里是解释“学习”吗？要解决这个问题, 还真先要从另外一个单词
learn 入手:
learn 的含义: 是从他人的教授中获得知识或技能.
例如: He is learning English.
study 的含义: 是做学问,研究. 课文中的 study 正是此意.
例如: He is studying logistics (他是搞物流的,他是研究物流的)
13.2 比较说明下列句词:
(1) Study the provisions of the letter of credit and ...
(provision = regulation, 稍侧重于 clause)
(2) ... and all Government regulations ...
(regulation = provision,稍侧重于 rule)
13.3 be applicable to:
be applicable to = be able to have an effect on sth. (适用于...)
13.4 transit:
transit 原意是"通过、运送、搬运"等意思.贸易上的解释见下例:
transit trade = entrepot trade 转口贸易,过境贸易
transit country 过境国,中转国.
transit operations 运输过程
goods delayed in transit: 运输中延误的货物(注意介词的搭配)
14. 句子:
Pack the goods, taking into account the route, the mode of transport, the
nature of the goods and applicable regulations, if any, in the country of
export, transit countries and country of destination.句中:
14.1 take into account:
take sth into account = take account of sth = consider
三个结构,一个意思:对某事加以考虑,加以关注.
14.2 注意以下一些插入语:
(1) ... the nature of the goods and applicable regulations, if any, ...
(2) Arrange warehousing of the goods, if necessary.(课本第 2 页第 3 行)
(3) ... arrange for the insurance of goods, if required...
(课本第 2 页第 6 行)
if any 如果有的话
if necessary = if required 如果有必要的话
15. 句子: Arrange warehousing of the goods, if necessary.句中:
我们经常能看到 warehouse 一词,那么, warehousing 到底指什么？
warehouse = store "仓库,货栈"
例如: bonded warehouse 保税仓库
warehousing = storage "仓库储存","仓储费"
例如: warehousing and storage activities 仓储作业
课文中只能解释"仓储",因为只有这个解释才配得上前面的 arrange,
你认为如何?
16. 句子:
Draw the consignor’s attention to the need for insurance and arrange for
the insurance of goods, if required by the consignor.句中:
draw sb’s attention to: 引起某人的注意, 相当于提醒
货物代理人要提醒发货人注意是否需要货物保险(意译)的这半句有:
A freight forwarder reminds the consignor to attend to the need for
insurance ...
17. 句子:
Transport the goods to the port, arrange for customs clearance, related
documentation formalities and deliver the goods to the carrier.句中:
17.1 关于 relate :
(1) ... related documentation formalities and ...
(2) The forwarder should check all relevant documents relating to the
movement of the goods.
(中译英第 6 题:教材 p9 / 练习题答案: 教材 p214 )
通过这道习题,我们对12.2中 relevant 和 related 的含义有了更深刻的
印象了.在上句(2)中,我们还关注到这样一个问题:
relate to ... (动词 v.)
have relation to ... (名词 n.)
be relative to ... (形容词 adj.) 都解释"与...有关"
17.2 documentation:
这个名词一般很少用到. 它表示的是一个抽象的概念. 意思是"文件的提供",
很拗口,也不懂.换种思维,这里是名词作形容词用.我们倒不如把它当"提供
单证上的"来理解吧.
18. 句子: Pay fees and other charges including freight.句中:
我们如何区分这些“费用”呢?
(1) fee (手续费):
含义中有"为获得做某事的许可或为得到某种认可而支付的费用"
例如: registration fee (注册费、登记费)
membership fee (会费)
(2) charge ("因服务而索取的"费用,与 free of charge 相对)
含义中有"购买某种服务时按规定价目所支付的费用"
例如: collection charge (托收费)
delivery charge (递送费)
additional charge = surcharge (附加费)
fumigation charge (熏蒸费)
charges prepaid / charges forward (费用预付/费用到付)
(3) expense (花费,耗费,开销)
含义中有"当被认为有大量花费时",这个词不仅仅用在金钱上,还
用在时间或精力的花费上:
例如: medical expense (医药费)
living expense (生活费)
注意: 会计领域中使用这个词时,通常情况下以复数形式出现的机会
较多.注意是通常情况:
例如: operating expenses (营业费用,经营费用)
travelling expenses (差旅费)
selling expense (销售费用,没有"s")
income taxes expense (所得税费用,没有"s")
(4) -age (费,资)
-age 是表示抽象名词的后缀.没有"费、资"的说法,但是下列这些词有
"费、资"的解释:
例如: postage (邮资) carriage (运费) storage (仓库费)
19. 句子: Arrange for transshipment en route if necessary.句中:
19.1 transshipment:
(1) 前缀 "trans-" = to a changed state (转变、转移、转换)
例如: transport, transplant (移植)
(2) transhipment 的拼法是否正确呢? 严格地来说,并不正规.
例如: transshipment additional (转船附加费)
transshipment charge (转船费用)
port of transshipment (中转港)
19.2 en route:
en route = on the way (在途中)
这是一个单词,外来语,并非是两个单词或词组, 后通常接"for、to、from"
例如: These containers were en route from shanghai to Los angeles.
20. 句子:
Monitor the movement of goods all the way to the consignee through contacts
with the carrier and the forwarders’ agents abroad.我们这样看就简单多了:
Monitor the movement of goods through contacts with the carrier.
句子的其他部分再一点一点添加上去,句意就完整了.
21. 我们把两句句子连在一起看:
(1) Note damages or losses, if any, to the goods.
(2) Assist the consignor in pursuing claims, if any, against the carrier
for loss of the goods or for damage to them.
21.1 damage:
damage = harm or injury that causes loss of value (有"失去价值"的含义)
例如: damage by fire (火损)
damage by water (水损)
damage certificate (残损证明书)
damage to the goods (注意介词搭配)
damaged goods (损坏了的货物)
goods damaged in transit (...中受损的货物)
21.2 loss: loss 这个词,词义很单纯, 解释"丧失,灭失",只是在字形上要把它和
下列单词区分清楚:
lose (动词)
lost ( lose 的过去式, 过去分词, 或其他解释的形容词)
loss (名词, 注意它的用法: loss of the goods)
21.3 make/pursue a claim against sb for sth (就...向...提出赔偿):
一提到 claim, 保险和法律的味道比较浓, pursue 还有 seek 的意思:
(1) 保险领域的"索赔": claim clause (索赔条款)
notice of claim (索赔通知)
(2) 法律领域的(根据权利所提出的)"要求":
claim for damage (要求损害赔偿)
The forwarders, on behalf of the consignee (importer), would:
Monitor the movement of good on behalf of the consignee when the
consignee controls freight (支付运费), that is, the cargo.
Receive and check all relevant documents relating to the movement of the
goods.
Take delivery of the goods from the carrier and, if necessary, pay the freight
cost (支付运费).
Arrange customs clearance and pay duties, fees and other charges to the
customs and other public authorities.
Arrange transit warehousing, if necessary.
Deliver the cleared goods to the consignee.
Assist the consignee, if necessary, in pursuing claims, if any, against
the carrier for the loss of the goods or any damage to them.
Assist the consignee, if necessary, in warehousing and distribution.
22. 句子:
Monitor the movement of good on behalf of the consignee when the
consignee controls freight, that is, the cargo.句中:
关于"货物"的词有这么一些,请辨析清楚:
(1) cargo = goods (尤其是指船、飞机、车辆所载的)货物,运输行业的用语.
例如: sepcial cargoes (特殊货物)
project cargoes (工程货物)
container cargo (集装箱货物)
general cargo (杂货、普通货物)
(2) goods 这个词与 passengers 相对应
例如: the shipment of goods (货物运输)
passenger transport (客运)
(3) commodity (生活必需品,在经济领域中解释的商品)
例如: household commodity (家庭用品)
commodity inspection (商品检验)
name of commodity = commodity name (品名)
(4) merchandise (销售、贸易领域中所指的商品、货物)
(5) article (它不象前面四个词那样的解释,即不是指商品或货物的总称,
它的解释常常是"物品、物件、制品"等单件商品)
例如: a bamboo article (竹器)
three articles of luggage (三件行李)
handmade articles (手工制品)
23. 句子:
Arrange customs clearance and pay duties, fees and other charges to the
customs and other public authorities.句中:
23.1 duty (税,税收)
customs duty (海关税)
excise duties (消费税)
stamp duties (印花税)
duty-free goods (免税商品)
23.2 authority 和 association
(1) authority 作为名词,而且以复数的形式出现时:
例如: the health authorities 解释"当局、权威机构"
实际上,以译成"机构、机关、管理局、委员会"等比较合理
(2) association 解释"社团、协会、学会、联盟"等
例如: China International Freight Forwarders Association(CIFA)
International Federation of Feight Forwarders Association
(FIATA)
24. 句子: Deliver the cleared goods to the consignee.
我们在教材 p13 的第 12 行中发现有这样一个注释:
clear the goods for export (办理货物出口的清关手续)
那么本句中的 cleared goods 意思就很清楚了: "已清关的货物"
25. 段落小结：
从课文的第三自然段开始到最后是课文的第二层次,也是文章的中心所在.
通过 The forwarders, on behalf of the consignor (exporter), would:
和 The forwarders, on behalf of the consignee (importer), would: 两句
句子,作者把 freight forwarder 的服务范围理得清清楚楚,道得明明白白.
他采用罗列的形式逐条说明, 让读者感觉思路清晰,紧扣主题.In order to provide a set of uniform rules for the interpretation of the most commonly used trade terms in foreign trade, ICC first published in 1936 a set of international rules for the interpretation of trade terms known as “Incoterms 1936“. Later amendments and additions were made to it to bring the rules in line with current international trade practices. The latest edition is “Incoterms 2000“, which include 13 different international trade terms.
Each term specifies whether the buyer or the seller is responsible for arranging such necessities as export license, customs clearance, inspections, and other obligations. They specify at which point the risk of loss and / or damage passes from seller to buyer as well as which party pays for specific activities. A buyer and a seller who conduct their purchase and sale under one of the Incoterms, therefore, will have a mutual understanding of their rights, costs, and obligations.
Here six major trade terms are discussed. The traditional three trade terms are FOB, CFR and CIF, while FCA, CPT and CIP are new terms developed on the basis of the traditional ones.
They are suitable for any mode of transport and will be more widely used.
课文理解：
1. 要理解这篇文章，首先要了解对外贸易背景。这些常识位于书上的：
1.1 p13 第 2 – 4 行 ICC(国际商会)
1.2 p12 最后一段 Incoterms(国际贸易术语解释通则)
贸易术语(trade terms),又称价格术语或贸易条件。它是用一个简短的概念或英文缩写字母来表明商品的价格构成，说明货物在交接过程中有关风险、责任和费用划分等问题的专门术语,以确定买卖双方的基本权利和义务。
INCOTERMS 2000是指《2000年国际贸易术语解释通则》的英文缩写.它是国际商会(ICC)为了统一对各种贸易术语的解释而制定的,最早产生于1936年.分别于1953年、1967年、1976年、1980年、1990年和2000年共修订过6次.现行的《2000年通则》对13种贸易术语进行了解释,按不同术语的共同特点和卖方责任由小到大排列，分为E组(启运术语)、F组 (主要运费未付术语)、C组(主要运费已付术语)、D组(到达术语)四个组.
它是国际上包括内容最多、使用范围最广和影响最大的一种与贸易术语有关的国际贸易惯例.
1.3 p13 第 5 – 10 行 六种主要贸易术语的中英文对照
1.4 p16-17 补充注释 1–8 贸易术语的变形和其他贸易术语的中英文对照
1.5 p14-15 课文注释 6 六种主要贸易术语的详注
2. 句子：
In order to provide a set of uniform rules for the interpretation of the most
commonly used trade terms in foreign trade, ICC first published in 1936 a set
of international rules for the interpretation of trade terms known as
“Incoterms 1936“.
这句句子的难点在前半句.我们可以把句子简化成:
To provide a set of rules for the interpretation of trade terms in foreign
trade.
2.1 interpretation “解释、说明”
2.2 trade terms “贸易术语、贸易条款、贸易条件”
trade practices “贸易惯例,贸易实践”
trade contract “贸易合同”
trade fair “贸易交易会”
domestic trade “国内贸易”
foreign trade “对外贸易”
句子中其他需要解释的地方还有:
2.3 uniform = the same
2.4 commonly = generally, usually “通常地、一般地、普遍地”
2.5 be known as “通称为,以…著称”
3. 我们把两句句子连在一起看, 注释的重点应放在前一句：
Later amendments and additions were made to it to bring the rules in line
with current international trade practices. The latest edition is “Incoterms
2000”, which include 13 different international trade terms.
3.1 later / latest
(1) Later amendments and additions were … 第一句
(2) The latest edition is “Incoterms 2000”,… 第二句
我们需要注意这样一个字型形似的问题:
表示时间概念上的比较级和最高级: late – later – latest
(晚的 – 稍后,随后 – 最近的,最新的)
表示顺序概念上的比较级和最高级: late – latter – last
(晚的 – 后面的 – 最后的)
3.2 amendment and addition were made to it …
(1) amend (尤指对规则、法律、声明等条款所作的)“修正,修订,修改”.
名词: amendment (做可数名词时的解释.)
这些相关联的名词还有:
revise (尤指为改正或修订而仔细阅读并)“校订,修订”.
例如: a revised edition (修订版)
名词: revision
modify (尤指轻微的)“修改,更改”.
名词: modification
edition (书籍、报刊等)“版本,版次”.
例如: the latest edition
动词: edit
publication “出版物”.
动词: publish
(2) addition 原意是“增加物”. 这里指添加的条款或内容.
3.3 (be) in line (with) = in agreement with
(与…齐的,与…平的,引申为与…相同,与…一致,与…相适应)
反义词: (be) out of line (with)
3.4 current = of the present time (现今的,时下的,当代的)
4. 句子：
Each term specifies whether the buyer or the seller is responsible for
arranging such necessities as export license, customs clearance,
inspections, and other obligations.
我们可以换成这样一句句子来加以理解:
Each term specifies the traders must bear each relevant responsibility and
obligation. 即贸易商都必须承担(bear)各自相关的责任和义务.
4.1 responsibility / obligation / duty / be responsible for sth.
4.1.1 responsibility = duty 解释 “责任”, 其涵义在于:
出于法律、道德、职业等要求必须对他人承担或履行的责任.
这是一个比较正规的用词.
4.1.2 obligation = duty 解释 “义务”, 其涵义在于:
强调因为合同、承诺、道义等因素而产生的约束力.尤其是指来自于
外部的具体的、明确的约束力.
这是一个比较正规的用词,当该词做可数名词用的时候,是指“个人的
本职或具体的工作”. 它的反义词是 right (权利)
4.1.3 duty 解释 “责任、义务”, 这是一个常规用词.
强调应当去做或者避免去做一件事;它的涵义侧重于发自内心.从道德、
伦理、良心或传统习惯等出发的责任和义务. duty 可指的责任或义务
可对己,也可对人.
4.1.4 be responsible for sth 课文里面的用词,意思是“对…负责”. 其涵义在于:
指人在道义上负有某义务或要施行某责任.
4.2 简化句中的 traders 对应于原句中的哪部分呢?
traders 和课文中的 whether the buyer or the seller 这个部分相对应.
whether A or B: “不论是 A 还是 B”.值得注意的是后面的动词用单数形式.
课文中用的是 is.
4.3 简化句中的 relevant,也就是词组be responsible for后面的这个 sth. 那么,
贸易商究竟要对哪些 sth 负责呢?
such necessities as export license, customs clearance, inspections, and…
4.3.1 such A as B 解释“如…的,像…的”:
4.3.2 这里的 A 是指 necessity, 复数: necessities.
necessity 原意:“必然的事,决不可无的事”这里可解释为
“必定要做的事”. 课文中用的是复数,意思是要做的事情还不止
一件哦.
4.3.3 这里的 B 是指:
(1) export license (英语用:licence,美语用:license,下同): 出口许可证
import license 进口许可证
license system 许可证制度
license-trading 许可证贸易
driving license 驾驶执照
license / licence 一般指的是由法律认可的机构发给的正式
书面的许可证.
(2) inspection 检验
全称是: commodity inspection 商品检验
再如: shanghai entry-exit inspection and quarantine bureau
上海出入境检验检疫局
4.3.4 综合前三例,我们终于明白了:买卖双方必须各自要对诸如进出口
许可证、进出口清结关、商品检验检疫等事项负责.这是他们应尽
的责任和义务.
4.5 这句关键的一个动词 specify
(1) specify = to give exact details of something
“明确说明,具体说明,详述,指明”
由这个动词引申出来一个很要紧的名词是: specification (说明书)
这些定义性的常见字词还有:
(2) mean = to represent (a meaning) “意指,意思是…,表示…的意思”
(课文中有这个词)
(3) state = express in words, esp. carefully, fully and clearly
“陈述,表述”
(4) explain = to give the meaning of something “阐明,说明,解释”
(5) indicate = state briefly, point out “表明,表示”
(6) define = to explain the exact meaning of (a word, a phrase, etc).
“给…下定义,定义为”
5. 句子：
They specify at which point the risk of loss and/or damage passes from
seller to buyer as well as which party pays for specific activities.
我们可以把句子简化成:
The 13 trade terms specify the transfer of risks (风险的转移) besides
division of costs (费用的划分).
5.1 原句中的 they = the 13 trade terms
5.2 transfer of risks (风险的转移) 系指课文中说的:
at which point the risk of loss and / or damage passes from seller
to buyer
5.2.1 point = an exact moment, particular time or state
这是一个抽象的概念,是一个不可数名词,指“(在空间或时间真实的或
想象当中的)点”.例如:
at this point = at this moment or at this place (在此刻,在此地)
at which point = at which moment or at which place (在何时何地)
5.2.2 the risk of loss and / or damage 解释“货物灭失或损坏的风险”
5.2.3 pass from … to … 或 pass … to/into …
pass = change (改变事物的状况,使变成另一种状态), 例如:
Water passes from a liquid to a solid state when it freezes.
课文中的意思是风险点从卖方的手中转移到买方的手中的
5.3 原句中的 as well as = besides
5.4 division of costs (费用的划分) 系指课文中说的:
which party pays for specific activities.
5.4.1 activity = things (to be) dong 这个名词的复数形式尤指“所做或
待做的事务、工作等”
5.4.2 specific = detailed and exact, clear in meaning.
“具体的、明确的、详尽的、详细的”
例如: Be specific in your examination answers. (考试答案力求明确具体)
近义词: definite
反义词: approximate (大概的、极近于…的)
pays for specific activities 解释“支付具体事项的费用”
6. 句子：
A buyer and a seller who conduct their purchase and sale under one of the
Incoterms, therefore, will have a mutual understanding of their rights,
costs, and obligations.
我们以 therefore 为界,分析这句含因果关系的句子:
6.1 因: a buyer and a seller who conduct their purchase and sale under
one of the Incoterms
关键字词是: conduct their purchase and sale
6.1.1 conduct = control, manage “管理、经营、处理”
例如: conduct a business (经营生意)
例如: conduct negotiations (指导洽谈、主持谈判)
6.1.2 purchase = buying “购买” (近义词: buy 反义词: sale)
例如: purchase order = buying order = order (购买订单)
例如: purchase contract (购买合同)
例如: purchase and sale = buying and selling (购销)
例如: repurchase (购回)
例如: purchasing (采购)
6.1.3 sale (名词), sell (动词) “出售、销售”
例如: for sale (待售)
例如: on sale (销售中,出售中)
例如: sale by sample (凭样品销售)
例如: salesman, saleswoman, sales manager
(注意: sale 后面一定要加 -s)
6.2 果: (a buyer and a seller) will have a mutual understanding of their
rights, costs, and obligations.
6.2.1 关键字词之一是: understanding (了解、理解、认识、领会) of
their rights, costs, and obligation
6.2.2 关键字词之二是: mutual = each to the other(s)
(相互的、彼此的,人们常用mutual指两个或多个共同的事物)
have a mutual understanding of their rights, costs, and obligations
(对于他们的权利、费用和义务达成共识)
6.3 表达因果关系的连接词: therefore
我们在第一课的时候就碰到这样一些副词: originally, however, today 等等.
这些副词虽然不直接影响句子的意思,但是对于承上启下有着重要的作用.
therefore 亦然.
therefore = for that reason 解释“因此, 为此, 为了那种理由”
7. 句子：Here six major trade terms are discussed. 我们要把这些词区分清楚:
(1) main = most important, chief:
意思是“最重要的、主要的” 例如 main crop (主要作物)
(2) major = less important:
意思是“较重要的” 例如 major industries (主要工业)
(3) minor 意思是“较不重要的,次要的”
8. 句子：
The traditional three trade terms are FOB, CFR and CIF, while FCA, CPT and
CIP are new terms developed on the basis of the traditional ones.
这句句子的意思是:
FOB, CFR and CIF are traditional trade terms, FCA, CPT and CIP are new trade
terms developed on the basis of FOB, CFR and CIF.
8.1 traditional 形容词,解释“传统的、沿袭下来的”,相对应的词是 new.
8.2 on the basis of 解释“基于、在…的基础上”.
8.3 ones 代词,单数是 one, one 或 ones 泛指前面文章中提到的同类的单数
或复数可数名词.
9. 句子：
They are suitable for any mode of transport and will be more widely used.
句中:
9.1 be suitable for 解释“适于,适用于,适合于”.
9.2 widely 这个词一共才两个解释:
① 广泛地: 例子见课文.
② 相当地: widely different
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